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CHAPTER 1. |
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Basic information for energy |
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1.1 Energy supply and demand trend |
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Looking at the demand (final energy consumption quantity) and supply (primary energy total supply quantity) of Japanese energy over the last 40 years, it is linked to Japanese GDP growth (See Figure 1.1). The large difference between the aggregate primary energy total supply quantity and the final energy consumption quantity indicates the conversion loss during energy conversion processes. |
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【Quotation: White Paper on Energy, 2007】 |
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Figure 1.1 Energy supply and demand and economic growth |
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The Table 1.1 below indicates the energy balance of the various primary energy sources, produced or imported as well as the secondary energy balance after conversion into such secondary sources as electric power or town gas.
Hence the oil and other import degree of dependence in the primary energy total supply quantity are 50.0% and 83.7% respectively, and the electrification ratio (ratio of electric energy to the primary supply converted to electricity) is 41.6%.
Expression of the process finally consumed in Table 1.1. |
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Table 1.1 Energy Balance in Japan (2003) 1 |
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1 General policy division of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Comprehensive Energy Statistics p6,7 2006 |
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1.2 Energy use trend |
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During the Japanese growth period up until the end of the 1970’s, the energy demand has increased at a rate higher than that of the gross domestic product (GDP). However during the 1970’s demand growth slowed due to the energy saving policies in the segment of industry most affected by the second oil crises of 1970's, and also due to the development and sale of the energy saving products. As a result of such efforts economic growth was able to be accomplished while controlling the energy demand. However since the latter half of the 1980’s energy demand has again increased due to the changes in lifestyle, comfort and conveniences expected by Japanese people as well as the decrease in world oil price. |
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While during the 1980’s energy use in the transportation and private sections have almost doubled, advancing energy conservation measures has kept the total industry power use almost constant despite considerable growth in product output (GDP). When looking at the trends identified in figure 1.2 for the period between the oil crisis in 1980 and 2005 the ratio of industry, consumer and transportation energy use has changed from 4:1:1 in the 1980’s to its current ratio of 2:1:1. For the period between 1990 and 2005 energy use in the industrial section was almost constant however the consumer and the transportation sections grew by 40% and 20% respectively. |
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Figure 1.2 Transition of final energy consumption and real GDP |
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The industry section is the sum of manufacturing, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, mining, and the construction industry. It makes up about 44% of the entire final energy consumption in fiscal year 2005, however manufacturing alone accounts for about 90% of this total. |
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The consumer section is composed of two parts, the home and operations division and in total accounts for about 32% of the entire final energy consumption for fiscal year 2005. The home division makes up 43% of the consumer section and is representative of energy consumption in the home, with the exception of the energy used by private cars which is included in the transportation section. The operations division contains the energy consumed in tertiary industries such as offices, hotels, department stores and service industries (et al). It accounts for the remaining 58% of the consumer section.
The transportation section is divided roughly into two parts, the traveler division such as passenger cars, and buses and the freight division which covers the transportation of cargo by land, sea, and air. The transportation section accounts for about 24% of the entire final energy consumption in fiscal year 2005. The energy consumed by the traveler and freight division’s account 60%, and 40% respectively of the total transportation section. |
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1.3 Energy supply trend |
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Japan’s rapid economic growth has been supported by a large amount of petroleum and for example in 1973, 77% of the Japan’s energy supply was provided by oil. However at that time Japan experienced volatility of supply due to soaring oil prices caused by the Ramadan War in 1973 which in turn caused the first world oil crisis. In response Japan aimed to stabilize the nation’s energy supply by promoting a decreased petroleum dependency through the introduction of nuclear, natural gas and coal energy production. When the second oil crises (1979) sent prices souring again Japan further accelerated the use of Atomic Energy, Natural Gas, and Coal as well as accelerating the development of new energy. |
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As a result of Japan’s investment in alternatives to petroleum, in fiscal year 2005 only 48.9% of Japan’s energy comes from oil, which is greatly improved since the oil crisis began (77%). Figure 1.3 indicates the results of Japan’s diversification with the amount of energy supplied by Coal (20.3%), natural gas (13.8%), and nuclear power (11.3%) all increasing. Renewable energy sources such as geothermal (2.9%) and hydroelectric (2.8%) have also increased in 2005 |
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【Quotation: White Paper on Energy, 2007】 |
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Figure 1.3 Transition of primary energy supply |
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Figure 1.4 indicates the outcome of an advisory committee meeting held between July 2005 and October 2006 to review a range of concepts for alternative energy. The policy for "new energy" was arranged based on this result assuming that support was needed among alternative energy for their continued spread. Also a new technology that contributed to the supply of renewable energy and the diversification of a rapid improvement of Japan’s energy source was the newly arranged “Alternative Energy Height Level Skills”. |
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【Quotation: White paper on energy, 2007】 |
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Figure 1.4 Concept of new energy |
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Figure 1.5 through Figure 1.8 indicates how Japan is reliant on foreign countries for energy since we Japan is short of domestic energy resources. Most of Japan’s oil and LPG is produced in the Middle East, LNG is being sourced from Australia, Asia, and the Middle East, and coal is mostly sourced from Australia. In comparison Japan produces very little “Homegrown Energy”, with Hydroelectic, Geothermal, and other alternative energy sources producing only approximately 6% of the total Japanese energy requirement (20% if nuclear power is included). |
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Figure 1.5 Oil import origin (2005) |
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Figure 1.6 Coal import origin (2005) |
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Figure 1.7 LP gas import origin (2005) |
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Figure 1.8 Natural gas import origin (2005) |
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The self-sufficiency ratio is the amount of domestically produced energy divided by the total primary energy necessary for life and an economic activity. While the total energy demand grew during the 1960’s period of economic growth, foreign petroleum imports also grew to replace domestic coal as Japan’s main energy source. Hence in 1960 Japan had a self-sufficiency ratio of 57% utilizing domestic resources such as coal and hydro power, however this had fell substantially by 1970 (See Figure 1.9). |
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After the oil crisis and during Japan’s economic growth period the total energy demand increased, this increase was mostly supplied from uranium (the fuel for nuclear power) and natural gas imports; this decreased the self-sufficiency ratio in 2004 only 4%. |
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Uranium is considered a "Semi-homegrown energy" since the dependency on the resource is low as it is a high energy density which is easy to store and it is also possible to recycle the resource via reprocessing of the spent fuel. After the oil crisis, and the resultant promotion of the atomic energy and LNG, the energy self-sufficiency ratio which includes "semi- home-grown energy" approximately has become 18% in 2004. |
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【Quotation: White paper on energy, 2007】 |
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Figure 1.9 Energy aggregate supply composition of Japan and trend of rate of self-sufficiency |
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Japanese
